Which of the following is NOT one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were a set of eight international development goals established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, with the aim of addressing a range of global issues such as poverty, health, education, and environmental sustainability by 2015.

The goal to "increase fossil fuel production" does not align with the purpose or focus of the MDGs. Instead, the MDGs emphasize sustainable development, which includes promoting environmental sustainability and addressing climate change. The other options listed are indeed part of the MDGs: eradicating extreme poverty and hunger focuses on alleviating the plight of the most vulnerable populations; promoting gender equality and empowering women targets the systemic inequalities that hinder development; and ensuring environmental sustainability emphasizes the importance of protecting the planet for future generations.

Choosing to increase fossil fuel production would contradict the goals of sustainability and ecological health that the MDGs seek to promote, making it the correct choice for the option that is NOT one of the MDGs.